Kenneth
Mark Colby
(1920 ~ 2001)
AI ÀÇ ¾÷Àû
(ÆíÁýÁõ ȯÀÚ¸¦ Èä³»³½ PARRY
Á¦ÀÛ) À¸·Î Àß ¾Ë·ÁÁø
Á¤½Å°ú ÀÇ»ç
Kenneth Mark Colby, M. D.
: Parry
: Kenneth Mark Colby ´Â 1941 ³â ¿¹ÀÏ´ëÇÐ Àǰú´ëÇÐÀ»
Á¹¾÷Çß°í, Cincinnati ´ëÇаú University of California School of Medicine in San Francisco
¿¡¼ Á¤½Å°ú Æ®·¹ÀÌ´×À» ¹Þ¾Ò´Ù. ±×´Â 20 ³âµ¿¾È Á¤½Å°ú ¿Í Á¤½ÅÄ¡·á (psychotherapy)
·Î ȯÀÚ¸¦ Ä¡·áÇßÀ¸¸ç, Á¤½ÅÄ¡·á¿¡ °üÇÑ Àú¼ A Primer for
Psychotherapists ¸¦ Àú¼úÇß´Ù.
±×´Â National Institute of
Mental Health ¿¡¼ Career Research Scientist Award ¸¦ ¼ö»óÇß°í, 1974 ³â±îÁö
Computer Science at Stanford University ÀÇ ±³¼ö¿´À¸¸ç, ±× ÈÄ¿¡ Department of Psychiatry at the University of
California School of Medicine at Los Angeles ·Î ¿Å°å´Ù. UCLA ¿¡¼´Â Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences
ÀÇ ±³¼ö¿Í ¸í¿¹±³¼ö¿´°í Department of Computer Science ÀÇ °âÀÓ±³¼ö¿´´Ù. 2001
³â ±×´Â 81 ¼¼¸¦ Àϱâ·Î ͏®Æ÷´Ï¾Æ Malibu ¿¡¼ »ç¸ÁÇß´Ù.
±×´Â psychiatry, psychology, psychotherapy, and artificial
intelligence ºÐ¾ß¿¡¼ 10 ±ÇÀÇ Ã¥°ú 100 °³ ÀÌ»óÀÇ ³í¹®À» ³Â´Ù. ±×´Â
1971 ³â¿¡ Stanford ´ëÇÐÀÇ ÄÄÇ»ÅͰúÇаú ±³¼ö·Î ÀÖÀ¸¸é¼ AI lab ¿¡¼ Parry ¸¦
¸¸µé¾ú´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº ÆíÁýÁõ (paranoid) °úÁ¤À»
ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ ½Ã¹Ä·¹À̼ÇÇÑ °ÍÀ¸·Î¼, D. J. Hand ÀÇ
Artificial Intelligence and Psychiatry (Cambridge University Press, 1985) ¿¡¼´Â
"Áö±Ý±îÁö ¸¸µé¾îÁø °ÍÁß¿¡¼ °¡Àå ÀλóÀûÀÎ ½Ã¹Ä·¹À̼ÇÀÌ PARRY ÀÌ´Ù"
¶ó°í ¹¦»çÇÏ¿´´Ù. »ç¶÷°úÀÇ ´ëȸ¦ Èä³»³½
Chatterbot À¸·Î
¾Ë·ÁÁø ÇÁ·Î±×·¥ Parry ´Â, ±×¶§±îÁö Æ©¸µ Å×½ºÆ®
(Turing Test) ¸¦ Åë°úÇÑ À¯ÀÏÇÑ ÇÁ·Î±×·¥À¸·Î
¾Ë·ÁÁö°í ÀÖ´Ù.
±× ÇÁ·Î±×·¥À¸·Î ±×´Â ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ
ĨÀÌ ÆíÁýÁõÀû Á¤½ÅºÐ¿Áõ (paranoid schizophrenic) ¸¦ ¸ð¹æÇϵµ·Ï ÇÁ·Î±×·¥µÉ ¼ö
ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» º¸¿©ÁÖ¾ú´Ù. Å×½ºÆ® ÀÎÅͺ信¼, Á¤½Å°úÀǻ簡 Teletype ¸¦ ÅëÇØ Parry
¿Í ´ëȸ¦ Çϴµ¥, ½ÇÁ¦·Î ÁøÂ¥ ÆíÁýÁõÀ» °¡Áø »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ¹ÝÀÀ°ú ±¸ºÐÇÒ ¼ö°¡ ¾ø¾ú´Ù.
¸»³â¿¡ ±×´Â ±×ÀÇ ¾Æµé Peter
M. Colby ¿Í ÇÔ²² Malibu ¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ¼ÒÇÁÆ®¿þ¾î
ȸ»çÀÎ Malibu Artifactual Intelligence
Works ¸¦ ¼³¸³ÇÏ¿´°í, ±×ÀÇ
¾Æµé Peter ´Â ±×ÀÇ È¸»ç¿¡¼ Ä¡·á ÇÁ·Î±×·¥ Overcoming Depression ¸¦ ¸¸µé¾ú´Âµ¥,
±×°ÍÀº ¹«Á¦ÇÑÀûÀÎ ¸ÅÀÏÀÇ ¾ð¾î¿¡¼ µ¶Æ¯ÇÑ ´ëÈÇüÀÇ dialogue mode ¸¦ °¡Áø computer-based cognitive therapy program
ÀÌ´Ù. Áï ´ëÈÇüÀÇ ½¬¿î ¾ð¾î·Î¼ ȯÀÚ°¡ ¿ì¿ïÁõÀ»
ÀÌÇØÇϰí, ±Øº¹Çϰí, ¹æÁöÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï ¼³°èµÈ ÇÁ·Î±×·¥ÀÌ´Ù.
±×´Â 1966 ³â
MIT ÀÇ Joseph Weizenbaum ÀÌ
¸¸µç ELIZA ¸¦
º¯ÇüÇÏ¿© Parry ¿¡ Àû¿ë½ÃÄ×´Ù. Eliza ´Â Àΰ£Áö´ÉÀÇ ¿¬½ÀÀ̶ó±â º¸´Ù´Â ÇϳªÀÇ language-parsing tool
·Î¼ °³¹ßµÇ¾ú´Ù. ¹ö³ªµå ¼îÀÇ ¼Ò¼³ "Pygmalion" ¿¡ ³ª¿À´Â õ¹Î¿¡¼ ±ÍºÎÀÎÀ¸·Î
»õ·ÎÀÌ Åº»ýÇÏ´Â ¿©¼º Eliza Doolittle ¿¡¼ À̸§À» µý °ÍÀ¸·Î, Eliza ´Â ÃÖÃÊÀÇ
´ëÈÇü ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ ÇÁ·Î±×·¥À¸·Î¼, ¾îµå¹ÙÀ̽º¸¦ Çϱ⺸´Ù´Â Áú¹®¿¡ ´äº¯À» ÇÏ´Â Á¤½ÅÄ¡·á»ç
(psychotherapist) ¸¦ ¸ð¹æÇϵµ·Ï ¼³°èµÇ¾ú´Ù.
ºñ·Ï ¾î¸®¼®Àº ³Í¼¾½ºÀÇ ´ë´äÀ» ÇÏ´Â ½Ç¼ö¸¦ Çϱâ´Â ÇÏÁö¸¸, ´ëȸ¦ ÅëÇØ¼ ´äº¯À»
Çϵµ·Ï µÇ¾îÀÖ´Ù.
Eliza ¿Í ÆíÁýÁõ
ȯÀÚ Parry °¡ "´ëÈ" ¸¦ À§ÇØ ¼·Î
´Ù¸¥ ÇÁ·Î±×·¥À¸·Î¼ °á±¹ ¸¸³µ´Ù. ±× ´ëÈÀÇ ±³È¯Àº ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁ³´Ù :
PARRY In my opinion, you have a one- track mind.
ELIZA What makes you think I have a one-track mind?
PARRY I used to go to the track every week.
ELIZA What does that suggest to you?
PARRY I avoid racetracks now because the races are fixed.
ELIZA Is that the real reason?
PARRY I'd rather not discuss it.
ELIZA What else would you like to discuss?
PARRY That's something I don't want to go into.
ÁÖ¿ä
°æ·Â
- M. D. from Yale University at age 23.
- At 31 wrote classic text on psychotherapy, A Primer for Psychotherapists.
- 1961-62 - Fellow, Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences, Palo
Alto, CA
- 1967 - Career Research Scientist for NIMH at Stanford with lifetime research
grant.
- Created PARRY (a model of paranoid thinking) at Stanford Artificial
Intelligence Laboratory. Several of the graduate students who worked on this
model now hold high-level positions at Apple, Inc.
- 1974 - Full Professor of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences at UCLA
School of Medicine. Joint appointment in Computer Science.
- 1984 - Created computer program Overcoming Depression for cognitive therapy
of depression.
- 1989 - Founded Malibu Artifactual Intelligence Works specializing in
cognitive therapy and conversational language software.
- 1990 - present. Professor Emeritus, Department of Psychiatry and
Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA School of Medicine
PROFESSIONAL RECORD:
- 1950
- Diplomate, American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology.
- 1955-57
- Instructor in Psychiatry, Director of PsychiatricOutpatient Clinic, Stanford
School of Medicine, San Francisco.
- 1958-64
- Assistant Chief of Psychiatry, Mount Zion Hospital, San Francisco.
- 1961-62
- Fellow, Center for Advanced Study in theBehavioral Sciences, Palo Alto,
California
- 1962-64
- Associate Professor of Psychology, Stanford University, Palo Alto,
California
- 1964-67
- Research Associate, Department of Computer Science, Stanford University,
Palo Alto, California.
- 1967-74
- Career Research Scientist, National Institute of Mental Health, Department
of Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence, Stanford University, Palo Alto,
California.
- 1974-75
- Adjunct Professor, Department of ComputerScience, Artificial Intelligence,
Stanford University, Palo Alto, California.
- 1974-90
- Professor, Department of Psychiatry andBiobehavioral Sciences, University
ofCalifornia, School of Medicine at Los Angeles.
- 1977-80
- Professor, Department of Computer Science,(Joint Appointment), University of
California at Los Angeles.
- 1982-84
- Director, Artificial Intelligence Research Project, Crump Institute of
Medical Engineering, University of California at Los Angeles.
- 1990-Present
- Professor Emeritus, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences,
University of California School of Medicine at Los Angeles.
- 1990-Present
- Founder and Vice-President of MalibuArtifactual Intelligence Works
specializing in computer therapysoftware. Malibu, California
MEMBERSHIP IN SOCIETIES:
- American Psychiatric Association (Lifetime Member)
- Sigma Xi
- American Association for Philosophy of Science
EDITORIAL BOARDS:
- Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine
- Computers and Human Behavior
- Journal of Intelligent Systems
REVIEWER OF GRANT PROPOSALS FOR:
- National Science Foundation - Sections on:
- Memory and Cognition
- Intelligent Systems, Computer Science Division
- Science and Technology to Aid the Physically Handicapped
- National Institute of Mental Health
- Private Research Foundations
REFEREE OF JOURNAL ARTICLES FOR:
- Archives of General Psychiatry
- Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease
- Behavioral and Brain Sciences
- New Ideas in Psychology
- Computers and Human Behavior
- Cognitive Science
- Philosophical Psychology
PUBLICATIONS:
BOOKS (Partial List)
- Colby, K. M. (1951) A Primer For Psychotherapists, New York:
Ronald Press.
- Schank, R. and Colby, K.M. (Eds.) (1973) Computer Models of Thought
and Language, San Francisco: W. H. Freeman.
- Colby, K.M. (1975) Artificial Paranoia: A Computer Simulation of
Paranoid Processes, New York: Pergamon Press.
- Colby, K.M. and Spar, J.E. (1983) The Fundamental Crisis in
Psychiatry: Unreliability of Diagnosis, Springfield: Charles C.
Thomas.
- Colby, K.M. and Stoller, R.J. (1988) Cognitive Science and
Psychoanalysis, Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates,
Inc.
ARTICLES (Partial List)
- Colby, K. M. (1962) The Therapist's Contribution to the Treatment
Process. In Research in Psychotherapy, Vol. II, pp. 95-101, Strupp, H. H.
and Luborsky, L., (Eds.), American Psychological Association, Washington, D. C.,
342 pp.
- Colby, K. M. (1964) Psychotherapeutic Processes. In Annual
Review of Psychology, pp. 347-370, Farnsworth, P., McNemar, A., and McNemar, Q.
(Eds.), Palo Alto: Annual Reviews, Inc.
- Colby, K. M. (1964) Experimental Treatment of Neurotic Computer
Programs. Archives of General Psychiatry, 10: 220-227.
- Colby, K. M. Watt, J. and Gilbert, J. P. (1966) A Computer Method for
Psychotherapy. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 142:
148-152.
- Colby, K. M. And Enea, H. (1967) Heuristic Methods for Computer
Understanding of Natural Language in Context Restricted On-Line
Dialogues. Mathematical Biosciences, 1: 1-15.
- Colby, K. M. (1968) Psychological Treatment of Mental
Disorders. In International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, Vol. 10,
pp. 172-178, Sills, D. L. (Ed.) New York: Macmillan and the Free Press.
- Colby, K. M., Smith, D. C. (1971) Computers in the Treatment of
Nonspeaking Autistic Children. Current Psychiatric Therapies, Masserman,
J. (Ed.) Vol. 11, pp. 1-17, New York: Grune and Stratton, Inc. (Invited
chapter).
- Colby, K. M. (1973) The Rationale for Computer-Based Treatment of
Language Difficulties in Nonspeaking Autistic Children. Journal of Autism
and Childhood Schizophrenia, 3: 254-260.
- Colby, K. M. (1976) On the Morality of Computers Providing
Psychotherapy. Sigart Newsletter, 59: 9-10.
- Parkison, R. C., Colby, K. M. and Faught, W. S. (1977) Conversational
Language Comprehension Using Integrated Pattern-Matching and Parsing.
Artificial Intelligence, 9: 111-134. Reprinted in Readings in Natural Language
Processing, Grosz, B., Jones, K. S., Webber, B. L. (Eds.) Los Altos: Morgan
Kaufman Publishers, Inc., 1986.
- Colby, K. M. (1980) Computer Psychotherapists. In Technology in Mental
Health Care Delivery Systems. Sidowski, J. B., Johnson, J. J., Williams,
S. A. (Eds.) New Jersey: Ablex. (Invited chapter).
- Colby, K. M. (1981) Modeling a Paranoid Mind (Invited article
with 18 peer commentaries and the author's response) Behavioral and Brain
Sciences, 4: 515-560.
- Colby, K. M. (1986) The Ethics of Computer-assisted
Psychotherapy. (Invited article) Psychiatric Annals., 16:
414-415.
- Colby, K. M., Gould, R. and Aronson, G. (1989) Some Pros and Cons of
Computer-Assisted Psychotherapy. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease,
117: 105-108.
- Colby, K. M., Gould, R., Aronson, G. and Colby, P. M., (1991) A Model
of Common-Sense Reasoning Underlying Intentional Nonaction in Stressful
Interpersonal Situations and Its Application in the Technology of Computer
Psychotherapy. Journal of Intelligent Systems, 1: 259-272.
- Colby, K. M. (1995) A Computer Program Using Cognitive Therapy To
Treat Depressed Patients. (Invited article) Psychiatric Services,
46:1223-1225.
- Colby, K. M. (1999) Human-Computer Conversation in the Cognitive
Therapy Program Overcoming Depression. In Wilks, Y. (Ed.), Machine
Conversations, Dordrecht, Netherlands,
Kluver.