ΰ ö
öѴٴ Ѵٴ ̴. ö ǹ ö̶ . ٵ ö Ư γ ȸ ̹ Ȯ ϴ ̴. Ͽ ΰ ö Ϲ ټ õ 뺸ٵ Ҽ ûѴ.
" 10 (1976~85) ΰ (Artificial Intelligence) ؿԴ. Ⱓ ̳ ߿ ߿ ̶ ʴϱ? 10 (1966~75) ȭǾٰ ʴϱ, ƴϸ ϴ ð ± , ӵ ӵǾٰ ʴϱ? " " 10 ߿ ̶ Ͻʴϱ?"
̷ ΰɡ (Artificial Intelligence) ڵ ΰ 鿡 ġ. (ּ: Bobrow and Hayes (1985), pp. 380~381.) ⼭ ڵ ̹ ΰ 翬 Ͽ. ΰ ٷ ʾҴ. ߿ ΰ ߴٴ ش ݷе ־. 巹Ƕ (Hubert Dreyfus) ǥ Ƿ̴. (ּ : å p. 381.)
巹Ƕ " 25 ΰ оߴ, ī佺 (Imre Lakatos) ༺ α (a degenerating research program) ̶ Ī Ϳ ˸´ Ƿ̴" Ѵ. ״ AI (Allen Newell) ̸ (Herbert Simon) ΰ ȣ ϴ ǻ α ν ۵Ǿ, ʱ ߿ Ѵ. 1970뿡 ̸ ұԸ (micro-worlds) о ڻ, , , ົ ߰ νŰ (Marvin Minsky) ڵ ΰ âϴ () ȿ ذ õ Ͽ. , AI ڵ ' ̾߱ α', ' ȭ', 'ΰؿ ־ ̹ Ÿ' ߴ ͺ ξ ū ߴٰ ״ Ѵ.
(Margaret Boden) ΰ ʳ⵿ ߴٴ Ǹ ϸ鼭, ΰ ο Ը Ž ġ ް (growth) ߴٰ ϰ, о (intelligent development) ݵ ʴ´ٰ . κ 뼺̰ ذ ƴ϶ ̴. (ּ : å p.381.) (Terry Winograd) AI ̷ ؼ Դٴ ȸǸ ǥϿ. ǻ ϵ ũ 鿡 Ͽ Ȳ ȿ뼺 ų ְ Ǿ. ̸Ͽ ̷ ٵ ϴ ְ, з Ѱ Ѵ ľϱ н 纯̰ Ȯ ȣϴ 鵵 ߴٰ . (ּ : å p.382.)
, 巹Ƕ AI ༺ α̶ ϴ µ , ΰ 뼺 װ ״ ̷ ̶ ٴ Ͽ. ̷ о߿ Ͽ ϸ ΰ ߴٰ ִٴ ʾҴ. ̰ ΰ ༺ α ϴ 巹Ƕ ؿʹ ̰ ũ.
ᱹ, ΰ öμ ǥ 巹Ƕ ̹Ƿ, 츮 ӿ ö Ư Ѵ. Ƕ ð, ļ (E. Husserl) а ̸ ̵ (M. Heidegger) κ Ͽٰ ϱ ö 뼱 иϴ. Ƿ, 巹Ƕ ̵ öĿ ϴ Ϸκ ϱ Ѵ.
δ ù°, 츮 ̷ ִٴ غ, '' ΰɿ ̷ óϷ õ 巹Ƕ ٷ Ѵ. °, ̷ 巹Ƕ ո ö 뿡 ݷа ̾ ʷμ ܰ ϰ Ѵ. ƿ ̸ ý Ϸ ΰ ٴ 巹Ƕ ˾ƺ. °, öп ո ö öа Ǵ 캸 °, 츮 öκ ͰǴ ΰɿ ߾ ϰ Ѵ. ΰ ؿ ٸ Ǵ ߿ ȴ. ټ°, ̷ ð ΰ ö ϰ °, ϻ Ű ƮսŸ ı õ ΰ ߸ ϰ°, ϻĿ ϴ ö (John Searle) ߱ (Chinese room argument) ΰ ϰ Ѵ. ̷ Ǹ öп , ö, ö, ϻ öе ΰ ϸ ̵ ΰɿ ûϴ ٰ Ѵ.
Drefus Husserl ' ' ̳ '뿡' (noema) 信 ǰϿ ΰ α ߸Ǿٴ Դ. ΰ ִ Husserl '' α ۼ ٴ ̴. ΰ ƴ϶ ɵ ü̴. ̹ ƶ ǵ (context-free facts) ϴ ƴϴ. װ ߵ ǵ Žϱ ƶ ǵ (context-dependent facts) ǥ Ȱ ϴ ̴.
E. Husserl 뿡 ó ɵ Ȱ ϰ ϴ ǽ ̴. װ 鿡 ɸ ǥμ, ܺηκ ڷ ȭϱ ƶ̳ ̷ ִ. ϸ, 뿡 Ž ȮǼ ְ Ұħ Ư¡ ȣ ̶ ִ. , 츮 츮 ̴ ո鸸 ƴϴ. 츮 ϱ ̹ ϴ ٵ Īϴ 縦 ν ٸ ǽĵ, , ĸ̳ ͵ ä ִ´.
뿡 ǽij 뿡ý (noesis) ǽۿ ̴. 뿡 뿡ý ŸǷ, , 뿡 ִٰ ؼ ݵ ؾ ϴ ƴϴ. Ÿ 뿡 ʰ ִ. 뿡 ִ ̶ Ͽ , '' ̶ ǥ ΰ ռ ռ 踦 ϴ μ () Ѵ. 츮 ̶ , ̴ ӵ Ѱ踦 ϵ, ൿ ٸ ൿ ϰ ٽ ٸ ൿ Ͽ ̷ ν ̷ Ѱ谡 ̴.
'' ̶ ϸ ' ſ ' ǰ ' ſ ' ' ſ ӿ Բ ڸ ' ȴ. ӿ ڸ ſ ̶ ʴ´. ̸Ͽ ̳ (intentional) ̰ ո (intelligible) ̱ ʿ̴. ٸ ٸ ´. ൿ ǹ̰ ̸ ൿ ð ̴. ̸Ͽ ̴.
ϴ ٿ ⼺ (Intentionalität) ظ ö Husserlκ ȴ. ǽ ǽ̹Ƿ ǽ ⺻ ⼺̴. Husserl ⼺ 귻Ÿ (F. Brentano) κ ̾Ҵ. Husserl ǽ ⼺ ϸ鼭 װ Ȱ ִ Ÿϱ 뿡 ֵDZ Ѵ. ٽ ϸ, 귻Ÿ뿡Լ ǽ ൿ ̶ , ൿ ִٴ ̴. ȯ ̳ ó ʴ Ϳ ǽ , 鿡 ǽ ⼺ ϴ Ѵ. HusserlԼ ǽ ⼺ ǽ ƴ϶ ǽ 뿡 ϱ ִٰ .
Drefus νŰ 1974 ̷ (the theory of frame) Husserl ǮѴ. ΰ ƶ ǵ Ͽ ٷ Ͽ, νŰ ƶ ϻ ǥϱ ̴. ȭϿ ȿ ٷ ؼ ̷ ʿߴ ̴. νŰ ⺻ â ƴ϶ ٸƲ (F. C. Bartlett) '' (schemata) л翡 ߰ (Thomas Kuhn) 'з' (paradigms) . νŰ ڽŵ ̷п ԵǾ ִٰ ϴ ũ ۿϰ Ͽ. Drefus ü а 踦 ϸ鼭 ̷ ٽñ ִ.
̶ ʸ ȿ ִ ϳ ܼ ǥ μ ϻ Ǥ繰̳ ϵ Ʋ · ǥϱ ̴. , ġ Ѵٰ , Բ ִµ ̸ ȭϱ (data-structure) ִ. (nodes) Ǿ ִ. (nodes) Ǿ ִ. ֻ (top level) ǰ Ȳ Ǵ ǥ (lower levels) Ư ʵ̳ ͷ ä (slots), ̳ε (terminals) ִ. ġ , ̶ ϴ ΰ ־ ϰ װ 1̾ ϸ ΰ θ ־ Ѵٴ , ڰ ִٴ , ġ ̹ Ǿ ִ. ġ ӿ ΰ ִٴ ֻ ؿ Ųٰ ϴ ؿ ̳ θ ִ. ̷ ڸ, ΰ ̰, θ Ͽٴ ϴ 'ȼ ' (default assignments) ̶ Ѵ.
̷ ȼ Ǿ ٿ ǰϰ ̴. Ͽ ֻ , Husserl ı ʰ Ұħ ִ ǥ κп شǰ, ȼ ϱ 翡 شϴ Drefus ǮѴ. װ ǹǷ ߰ ִ Ư̴. ̷ ΰ ó κ ܰ ö νڿ ȣۿ ƶ ɵ ־. Drefus ΰ ŷ ö Husserl ƴ϶ ̵ ̶ Ѵ.
Husserl ϸ ⼺ ǽ ȭϱ ʿ صǸ ̷ ǽ ü Ǿٰ ȮѴ. Ͽ 繰 ߱Ǵ Ӹ ƴ϶ ǽ ɼ ϴ ǵ鿡 繰 Ͼ ϴ ˾ƾ Ѵ. Husserl Ϲ μ ϴ Ģ ߱Ͽ. ̵ſ ⼺ ƴ϶ ȸ̴. ΰ 賻 (In-der-Welt-Sein) μ ȭ ǰ ǹ 뺸ٵ Թ ȿ Ÿ Ǯ̵ȴ. Ƿ ǹ ⺻ ؿ 繰 뼺 ġ ݵ Ѵ.
̿ ̵ Drefus ϸ, ȭ Ǵ μ ü ü Ǵ ' ' (outer horizon) ǵ Ӽ ִ ̰ ȭϴ ̶ ̴. Ͽ ȭ ƶ Ȯϰ 뿡 ٸ м ٰ . ϴ ϹݹĢ ߰Ϸ Husserl õ ߸Ǿ, ü Ȳ ȭȭϿ ľϷ νŰ ۿ ٰ Drefus Ѵ. νŰ з Ͽ, װ ٸ Ǵ ü̶ ״ ߷ȴٰ Ѵ. ó ΰ ṵ̈ Ư ľϿ Ѵٰ ϴ ö ð , װ Ϲ Ʋ̳ Ϸ õ ӱ Ŀ Ұ ۿ .
Drefus Ư 츮 ӿ ִ ȸ ǥ ȿ ΰ ƶ ǵ μ ǥ ٴ ̵ ָѴ. 츮 ν ִ ƴ϶, ȸȭ ΰ 簡 ϴ ̴. Drefus ó ΰ 巡 µ ϴ , ǥҰ (nonrepresentable) Թ ΰ ʼ̶ ǴܵDZ ̴. ΰ ұԸ (micro-world) ȿ ̷ ϰ , Drefus ϸ ұԸ 赵 Ը ϻκ Ƿ, ұԸ ٿ ٴ ̴. ̿ ̵ ̾߱⸦ ϴ α Ÿ.
Hubert Dreyfus ǥҰ Թ̳ ŷ Ͽ, ǻͰ ΰ ൿ ٴ ٰŸ ƴ϶, ̸ ٽñ ϱ ΰ 5ܰ踦 Ͽ. Ŵ ũ ̷ ó ý (expert system) ̸ 2000 ö ؿ νıٰſ ̱ ϴ. ܰ迡 ִ õ (know-how) , νķе鿡 Ǿ ٿʹ ,ǥ ƴϸ Ģ鿡 ȴ ʱ ̴
ո ũ ãư Ģ ̾Ƴ Ϸ ԵǾٰ Dreyfus ö ȭ <Ƽ> ("The Euthypro") Ƿʸ Ѵ. ũ ̸ Ƽο Ǽ ϴ ش ûϿ--" ൿ ٸ ൿ Ǵϴ ϱ ء Ư ˰ մϴ. " Ƽδ װ Ǽ ߰߹ ̷ ʰ ϰ ִٴ ʵ鸸 ־ Ƽ Ұ ˾Ҵٰ , ״ Ǵ ϰ Ģ ̶ Dreyfus Ѵ. ֳϸ õ ó ǥ Ģ 鿡 ִ ƴϱ ̴.
̸Ͽ Dreyfus ũ 뿡 ݴϰ Ƽ ǻ츮 Ѵ. ý â ̰չٿ (Edward Feigenbaum) "5 ǻ ó ӵ ߴ ߿ ߸ɷ ̴. ٷ ĵ 迡 ڵ Ǿ,ΰ ̴ , Ƿܿ 꼳迡 ̸ 濵 ǻ ̸ ΰ ǥ ̴" ߴ.
, ǵ鿡 ܿ ϴ Ģ ̾ ǻ α ۼѴٸ ǻ Ƿ ִٴ ִ. Dreyfus ̿ ݴϿ ǻʹ Ҽٴ ظ 5ܰ踦 ϰ ܰ Ư Ͽ.
1ܰ
1ܰ ʺ(novice) ȣĪȴ. ʺڴ ü о Ƿ ħ ϰ Ǵµ,״ ġ ǻͰ α ۵ϵ, ǵ Ư Ͽ ؾ Ѵٴ Ģ .
ʺڿԴ ־ ü Ǵܷ , ַ Ģ ϰ ϴ ̴. Ģ ̿ ϱ ٻڱ ܰ迡 ȭ ſ ѵǾ ִ ᱹ ⼭ ̳ Ģ ε ΰ ƯȲ ͵̹Ƿ ƶ ̴
, ڵ ʺڰ ӵ Ÿ ⸦ ó ü Ȳ ؼ Ư ϴ . Ÿ ӵ ǵǰ, ٲٴ ӵ Ÿ ǵǸ, ̿ ǵ鿡 뷮 Ȳ ƶ õȴ. Ϲ ʺڴ Ģ Ͽ ϴ Ȳ ˱ ƴ.
ʺ ɸ и Ģ ƶ ҵ鸸 ϹǷ ǻͰ ִ.
2ܰ
2ܰ ʺ(advanced beginner) ̴ܰ. Ȳ ´ ʺڴ Ȳ ߰Ǿ ǹִ ε ѷ ʵ ϰ ȴ. ƶ ǵ Ģ ٷ ɷ ͵ϰ ش 迡 н ߿ ش. л ʵ ϴ Ͽ ο Ȳ ִ ְ Ѵ.
ʺڴ ʺں DZ Ͽ Ģؼ ǰ ϴ Ͽ ϸ ߾ȵǸ ϱ ̴
ʺ , Ģ ӵ ϴ Ȳ ͻ ƴ϶ Ҹ ˾ä Ȳ Ȱϰ ǰ ڳ ٸ ϱ ӵ ġ µ ľϰ ȴ. ʺڴ ƶ Ģ Ȳ ε ľ , ʵ鸸 ɷ ٸ ǰ߱ȯ ִ.
ü ʵκ Ȳ Ư ɷ 鿡Դ 쳪 ǻͿԴ Ұ Ǿ.
3ܰ
3ܰ (competence) ȴ. ʿ ü Ȳ鿡 Ÿ Ư ̰ ȴ. ϴ ϱ ڴ ܰ躰 ǻ ϴ ȴ 켱 Ȳ ȭϴ ̳ ǥ Ͽ ȹν õ Ҽ ǰ Ư ϴ ߿ϴ. ν ״ ڽ ܼȭϰ ִ. ǥ ʺڰ Ư ϴ ó Ǵ ƴϴ.
ʺڴ ʵ Ȯε ƯȲ Ͽ ذ , ɷ ڷ ൿϱ ؼ ȭ ִ ǥ ʿ䰡 ִ. ܼ ʴ. ̷ ڿ ȯ 踦 ٺ ȭų ִ.
ڰ ѷ ؾ ϰڴٰ ǻ , ÿ Ÿ ð ǰ õ ̴ .״ ̳ ǹ ʰ ⵿ ְ ̱ Һ ¦ ٲٸ δ Ѵ. ͵ ǰ Ÿ ų ̰, 簡 鸮 Ѵ.
ʺڵ ǵ Ư ϰ ̵ ٷ Ģ ϴ Ͽ ϹǷ, д ҿ Ÿ缺 ִ. ڴ ȹ ϱ Ŀ ̹Ƿ, ؼ ٰ ְ å ȴ. Ͽ ͵ ϰ ͵鵵 .
4ܰ
4ܰ (proficient) ̴. ʺڵ ܼ Ģ鸸 ڴ ȵ Ŀ ǥ ȹ ǽ Ͽ ɼ ڴ ü ٷ ¸ ٷ Ư ð Ѵ.
̷ ð Ȳ Ư ѷ 巯 ٸ Ư ų õȴ Ŀ Ÿ ǵ ѷ Ưذ ȹ̳ 븦 ٲٰ ȴ. ߿ϴٰų ѷ Ưμ Ÿ Ư ȭȴ. ̳ ÷ε ʴ´. .
ɼ ڰ ϰ ȭϴ ̸ ڿ ϴ 迡 ϴ ƴϴ. װ ǽ Ǵ ¸ ڽ ؼ м Ѵ.
, ɼ ڴ Ŀ긦 迡 ٰϿ ߸ٴ ̴ ״ ǽ 극ũ 簡, ӱ 簡 ƴϸ ܼ ӱ⸦ з δ.
5ܰ
, 5ܰ (expert) ̴ܰ. ڽ Ȱ迡 ִ ڴ ؾ ʿ䰡 ִ װ ǽ Ѵ Ȳ ذ ڱĥ ƴ϶ 鵵 Ѵ. 峵 츦 ϰ ǽ ˷ ʰ ϰ ൿϸ κ .
츮 Ȱ ϰ Ÿ Ÿ ڵ ǽ ɻؼ ǻ ϴ ƴϴ. ڽ Ϻ̹Ƿ ʿ䰡 , ġ װ ϻ ۿ ڽ ̴ ʿ䰡 Ͱ ̴. ⱸ ü Ȯ ȴ.
ڴ Ϲ ۿ ̵ ʿ ģԿ ˾ ƴ϶ ȵ ʰ ൿϴ Ϲ ˰ ȴ ״ ൿ ǽ ˷ ʰ Ѵ.
ʺڴ heuristic αȭ ǻó Ģ ǵ ϴ ߸ , Ģ ʰ ؾ ľѴ
Dreyfus ̷ 5ܰ踦 ' ݵ ߷ Ѵ' ߸Ǿٰ Ѵ. ũκ ΰɿ ý ϴ ڵ ߿ ִٴ ȴ.
ڽ ڽ ˰ ִ ˰ ִ ƴϴ. 츮 Ģ 䱸Ѵٸ ״ ʺ ǵư ﳪ Ģ, μ ̹ Ģ ϰ ̶ Ѵ.
̸Ͽ Dreyfus " ״밡 װ ٸ ״ װ ſ̴" ũ ΰ ڹٲ Ѵٴ ̴--" ڱ ִٰ ϴ ظ ̴. " ̷ ǹ̿ ý Ұϴ.
İ õ ٰŷ 巹Ƕ ո ö а öп ƴ϶ ö () Ǿ ִ. ö, ΰ ٿ ǥ м óϴ ִٰ ʰ, ǥҰ () ϴ ̶ Ѵ. ΰ κп м ü ϼ ̷ ֱ ̴. ٿ ǽǥ鿡 ǥ ͵ ƴϰ Ģ鿡 ո ִ ͵ ƴϴ. װ ǽ ӿ ǽĵ κ Ǵ ֵȴ.
ΰ ǥ Ͽ ö ϱ ؼ ؼ (, hermeneutics) ʿ䰡 ִ. ϴ ٿ , ؼ ؽƮ ؼκ Ͽ. ȭ ŵ鿡 ְ ִ ȣĪߴ 'Hermes' ̸ ̴. ̷ Ī ؼ 忬 ּ ѵ ؼ ϴ йμ Ͽ.
̾ (Schleiermacher : 1768~1834) ü鿡 Ͽ а ּ ν ѵ Ϲ ؼ âϷ Ͽ. ؽƮ ϱ ؼ ȭڵ . , ȭڰ ڽ ǥϱ , ûںκμ Ͽ ν ȭ ظϷ ̴. ̷ ش ( Үκ) ̳ м ȣ ظ ܼ ص ̷е麸 ξ dz ϰ ȴ. ̸Ͽ ؼ ؽƮ ڸ ƴ϶ ߾ ⳪ ϱ ڽźٵ ڸ ߴٴ ִ.
ؼ þ Ÿ (W. Dilthey ; 1833~1911) ̾ ؼ ȮϿ ι ö ȮϿ. Ÿ̿ ϸ ؽƮӸ ƴ϶ ΰ ǰ̳ ȸ ΰ ü賻 ǥ صȴ. ⼭ 츮 ؼ ⸦ ϰ ȴ. ü ܺηκ ηκ صǾ ϴµ ؿ ϱ ؼ μ ü (Erlebnis) μ ǥ (Ausdruck), ǥ üߴ ٸ üϴ (nacherlebende Verstehen) Ⱑ װ̴.
ü̶ ľϴ 浿 ǹѴ. ⼭ '' ̶ , ü迡 ƴ ۿ ˷ иǾ ʰ ٿ ϵǾ ִٴ ̸ ü 帧 κ̱ ϴ. ü, ľ ǹϱ , ̰ ְ ̴. ü迡 踸 ƴ϶ 浿 ϴ Ȱ Եȴ. ü ̷ Ư ؼ Ǹ Ѿ. ǥ ü ܸȭȭ μ, ռ Ǿ , ȸ, , , , ؽƮ Ѵ. ߿ ü ǥ Ͱ ǰ̳ ó ̰ ͵鵵 ִ. , 츮 ǰ ٸ Ͽٴ ǰ ۰ ǰ ǥϷ ߴ ü ü ǹѴ. ؼ̶ ȭ ǥ ظ ǹϸ ؼ ȸ Ƿμ ϴ Ű ϱ Ѵ.
̷ ؼ ö ΰ ΰ ɼ ϴ ߿ϴ. ΰ ҵ иǾٰ ٽ յ ִ ü ƴϰ ҵ ܼ üμ ȿ ִ. ΰ ȭ ü 谡 ƴ϶ δ ̴ 浿 üμ Ѵ. ̷ ӿ ִ Ģ̳ ȭȭ ν м ̳ ü迡 ľǵ ̴. ΰ ̱ ̹ ſ ü ǽ߿ 츮 ̴ Ǿ ִٰ . Ͽ ΰ ܼ μ ƴ϶ ȸ μ ſ ü ȸ ϰ ִ ̸ 濬 ̴.
ΰԴ ̷ ֱ , ΰ ʹ ٺ ٸ Ư Ͼ. Ư ΰ ӿ Ƿ, ΰ ϴ Ǽ ǻ װ͵ ȴ. ΰ Ǵ ֱ ո ã . ΰó Ǽϴ ΰ Ѱ? ϴٸ ΰ ڿ ɰ ΰ Ұϴٴ ̴. ΰ ΰ ϴ .
(Bengt Molander) ϸ ǻͿ ̴. װ ̷а ڷᰡ ° ´ ϱ ̴. ̷ ̴. 谡 ߴ ߴٸ 츮 Žϱ ̷а 캸 ϴ. ΰ ߰ϰ ó ܼ ʴ. ΰ ó и 'ǰ ǥص' ִ ƴϴ. ǽ ߴٰ ϱ ɼ ϰ ִ. ؿ ۿ ߸ ְ ع ؿ ʼ ͵ ֱ ̴. Ư ؼ ش ü ϴµ, ü ǥ ü ġϴ θ Ȯϱ Ʊ ̴. ̸Ͽ ΰ ش Ӿ ؿ ǰ ̴.
巹Ƕʹ ũ ȭ ΰ ּ ̶ . ȭ ʿϴ. ũ ȭ ڽ ˰ ִ ݼϰ ؾ ʿ䰡 ִ ϴ ̴. ȭκ ȭڵ ְ ̸ ƴ϶ . п ǿ ǥ ǰ , ȭ ǥ, ǥ Ϲ Ǿ ʴ. ǥ ȭ ʿϴ. ΰ ȭ ̷ ص ذ ŸǷ, ϴ ΰ ΰ ȭ ٷ ٰ .
ȭ Ϲ ̷п ǰϱ⺸ٴ ʵ ν ϴ ̴. ̹ ˷ ٸ Ͽ ߸ ϱ⺸ٴ, ʵ鿡 Ͽ ϴ ߿ ϰ ̴. ؼ ü赵 ̷ Ǯ̵ ְ, ľϷ ᱹ ʿ Ѵ. Ͽ ڵ ϴ öе 迡 ǰϴ ΰɿ µ иϴ.
ٸ , 츮 ȭ ص Ǯ ִٴ ͻ ƴ϶ ص 츮 ظ ũ 鿡 ʿ䰡 ִ. 캸 ظ ġ ΰ ̶ ãƺ ƴ. ̷ ȴ. 츮 ڳ ϴ ʰ, ȭμ Ѵٸ װ ϱ µ Ѵ. װ ؿ ⸦ ܰ Ӿ ִٰ ش ظ Ǵ а ̴.
츮 öл ߿ Ư а ؼ ö ȭн ðκ ΰɿ 캸Ҵ. ⼭ ϻ(ordinary language school) ö(philosophy of language) κ ΰ ٴ Ѵ. Ư ƮսŸ ı ƿ (Ben R. Tilghman) ־ Ұϱ Ѵ. ״ ƶ, õ ؼ ȣ, ı ý۰ ȭ ð й ϴ ΰ ξ ٶ ϰ, ɼ Ͼϸ ûϰ ִ.
Ǵ 츮 ϴ Ѵ. а Ű (perception) ָ ߸Ǿٴ ̴. ̵ й ִ , 츮 ٿ ְ ִ ΰ ε Ȯ , Ű γ Ǵ ٰ ϴ ͻ̶ Ѵ. װ ð ̶簡, ' ' ̰ '߸ ' ִ ƴ϶ ̴. ̿ ų ƮսŸ ı ǰ '' '-μ ' (seeing and seeing as) Ϳ ٰϰ ִ.
ƮսŸ ϳ Ͱ Ѵ. ڴ ϴ ڴ (aspect perception) ̴. 츮 ״ ϴ Ͱ ϴ ٸ. 츮 ̸ Ҵİ , ƹ ƴ ƹ Ҵٰ ϴ , Ӵϸ ƴ Ӵϸ Ҵٰ ϴ 츦 ȴ. ̰ ̸ 鼭 ٸ ̴. ̿ 츮 ϳ 鼭 װ μ 䳢μ 쿡 ã ִ.
̷ ̴ ̴ ΰ迡 ν ص . ̳ ̶ κ ݻǾ 츮 ߾ ķ ýŰ ڱصȴٴ , ΰ ̸ Ѵ. ϴ ְ ̰ ϰ װ͵ ǥϴ ΰ ɷ ȴ. ٸ ϴ ٸ ͵ ٸ ִ.
ٸ , ϳ ؼ ÷Ͽ ̴. , 赵 ó Ǹ װ Ÿ ̳ ϴ. øϿ ǥ̰ ̸ ȸ ̶ Ѵ. ؼ̶ ó ϴ ̴. ø ϰ Ǵ ؼ̱ , ƮսŸ ؼ Եȴٰ Ͽ. 'μ ' ؼ ΰ ɵ Ȱ ֵǴ , ' ' ϳ ¸ ǹѴ.
ؼ ʿ ü Եȴٴ ö ǵ ƮսŸ ؼ ȴ. װ Ǵ 迡 ̷̳ ؼ ϰ ̴. , 츮 ܱ Ƶ ؼ ִ. 츮 ϴ Ư ľϱ Ǵ 踦 ϰ Ǵµ, ̷ ؼ Ѵٰ ̱ ̴.
츮 ó ܱ ϴ ϰ ؼ ʿ ȰĿ ģ ؼ ʿ ľϴ ̸ ȴ. ̰ ڱ 𱹾 Ǵ ġ ʴ ʷ . Ȱ ϴ ̿ , ǥ, Ҹ ε ϴ ٸ ״ ˾ Ƿ ؼ ĥ ʿ䰡 .
ı ƮսŸ öп 'Ȱ' (a form of life) ľϴ ߿ ϰ ȴ. öп , Ǵ (the picture-theory) ϰ ϹݱĢ ȴٰ Ҵ. ı 踦 ̷п , (language-game) ̷ Űܿ鼭 빮 ߽ϰ Ǿµ, 뿡 Ȱ Ұ ҿ. ӿ Ģ ֵ ӿ Ģ ְ ε, ı ó ӿ Ǵ ϹݱĢ ã ƴ϶ Ư ƶ ƯĢ鿡 ָϿ.
Ϸ Ģ ؾ Ѵ. Ģ Ѵٴ Ģ ǥ ؼϴ δ ϴ. Ģ Ѵٴ Ģ ൿϴ Ѵ. ̸Ͽ ؼ ̷ ȴ. ٽ ϸ, ǹ̸ ϴ ϰ ؼϴ ƴ϶ Ģ ̴. ̷ Ǿ ʰ Ǿ ִ. ϳ Ѵٴ ϳ ϴ ̰ ٽñ Ȱİ ȴ. ֳϸ ϳ Ѵٴ Ư ǹ̸ Ǵ Ȱ ϱ ̴.
Ȱ ϴ ڵ ̿ ذ DZ . ƮսŸο ϸ, ڰ Ѵٰ Ͽ 츮 װ ̶ Ѵ. ̴ ΰ Ȱ ٸ Ǯ̵ȴ. Ȱ ȿ ϴ ȸȰ Ӹ ƴ϶ ڿ Եȴ. 츮 ݰ ˾ . ڸ ϴ ڰ پ ڼ ֵ зϰ ̵ ̳ 浿 Ƶ, װ 츮 ΰ ̿ ϰ ϴ İ ٸ. ̷ Ͽ ǻͿ Ѵٸ ϱ ̹Ƿ ΰ ΰ Ұϴٰ ̴.
, 缺 Ư ϸ ǹ 缺 ִ α ۼ , ΰ ܼȭϱ ƴ. ձ۴ٰų ٴ Ѿ ۺ̰ų ̰ ռ ̴° ϸ ̱ ϴ ȭϱ ̴. Ϸ µ ǥϴ Ǯ̵ µ Ÿ ִ ΰ ҷ ǹ̴.
John R. Searle Ư ɽŰ踦 ϴ ɸö 鿡 AI (strong AI) (weak AI) Ͽ. AI ϸ ٷ ǻ α̸ ᱹ α ý װ ״ , ʿ ǹ Ǹ ̴. AI ǻͰ ̴....... Ŀ Ϻ AI ڵ AI ϳ ۾ ϱ ƴ϶ ۾ ΰ ֱ 踦 ̶ ؿԴ. " ش" weak AI ̰ "Ѵ" strong AI ̶ ִ.
30 Ǿ ΰɿ ö μ , '߱ ' ̶ 迡 ̴. 信 ϸ, ΰ , ' AI' ⺻, 'ΰ γ 谡 ǻ α ϵ ' ٺ ߸Ǿ ̴. ߱ ٷ ϱ õ ̸, 1980 ķ ΰ Ѱ Ǿµ ٰŸ .
ǻ αӰ ߱ ظ (simulation) ִ α ۼѴٰ . , ǻͿ ߱ ־, ǻʹ ٸ ̳ ̽ ش ߱ ϵ ϴ ̴. ǻ 亯 ߱ 亯ŭ Ǹϴٰ . ٸ ̷ ϰǴ, ǻʹ, ߱ ߱ ϴ ó, ״ ߱ Ѵٰ ΰ? , ȿ ְ 濡 ߱ ȣ ٱϵ ִٰ . ó ߱ ܾ ϳ , ߱ ȣ ٷ ſ ־ٰ . Ģ ȣ ȭ ٷ絵 Ǿ ִµ װ ǹ̷ (semantics) ƴ϶ (syntax) ٷ絵 ̴. ڸ װ '1 ٱ UU ȣ 2 ٱ ȣ ' Ģ ̴. ٸ ߱ ȣ ´ٰ ϰ ̸ ߱ ȣ ִ ٸ Ģ ٰ . ۿ ִ ϴ ȣ '' ̶ ϰ ȣ ' ' ̶ ȣĪѴٰ . αӵ α ſ ۼϰ ŵ ȣ ٷ ʾ ߱ Ǿٰ .
߱ ؼ ̰ ϴ ̷ ȴ. " ǻ α ۵ν,ۿ ִ ڰ , ġ ߱ Ȯϰ ó ȣó ǻ ߱ ڵ ϰ ִٴ ƹ͵ ٴ ̴. Ƿ ߱ ؿ ǻ α ſ ߱ ؽ۵ ϴٸ, װ ٸ ǻͿ ߱ ϵ ϴ ʴ." ǻ α ƹ ߴѴٰ ص װ ̰ ̹Ƿ ߱ ϴ, , ǹ̷ ϴ ΰ Ѵ. AI ߸ ̴.
߱ 50 ̷ ΰ о߿ ǰϴ μ θ ä Ʃ ˻ (Turing test) ֵǾ Դ. ̳İ ϴ Ǵ ︸ ݺϱ , Ʃ ϱ ý , ߴ ˻ ִ ´ ̴.
װ ϴ ̸ ִ. ϴ ̰ ٸ ε ڿ ڷ ̸ Ѵٰ . , ڴ ڽ ó Ͽ ڸ ̷ ϰ, ڴ ִ ɹڸ ٸ ϱ Ѵ. , ɹڰ ڿ " Ӹ ̸ ֽÿ" Ѵٸ, ڴ ڽ ó ϱ " Ӹī 9ġ Դϴ" ְ ¼ ڴ " ̴ " . Ͽ ڰ ٸ ϸ ڰ ̱ ϸ ڰ ̱ ̴. ڰ ε ̳ ϵ ݸ θ ϱ Ǿ ִ. ӿ Ʃ ̵ ǻͷ ġϴ ̴. ̷ ӿ ڰ ڸ ֵ ǻͰ ִٸ ǻʹ ٰ ϴ Ʃ Ʈ.
Ʃ ˻縦 ǻʹ . Ȥڴ 2020 2070 ̿
˻縦 ǻͰ ̶ ϰ ִ. ó Ʃ
˻ Ϸ ൿǸ ⺻ ϰ , ̿
ǰϿ ϴ ǻ ϴٴ ̸ AI ̴.
̿
߱ ϸ ǻʹ ̰ ̱
ƹ ص ɸ ̶ ǹ̷ س
ٴ ̴. ߱ ƹ ߱ ش سٰ ϴ
ٷ װ ߱ ϰ ִٰ ̴.
J. Searle ڽ ظ ߷ ߷ Ͽ. (ּ : Searle (1984), p. 39~41.)
1. γ Ű ̴.
2. ṉ̷̀ ؼ ʴ.
3. ǻ α Ȥ ǵȴ.
4. ɸ ´. Ư ǹ̷ ´.
1. Ƿ, ǻ α üμ ü ϱ ϴ. , α ƴϸ αδ ϱ .
츮 ſ ذ鼭 ΰ ö 캸 Ѵ. 켱 1 ڽ ĥ ǥǾٰ γ ȿ Ǵ Ͽ ̶ ϴ ɸ ߱ȴٰ ̻ (ڪ ߾) ǥӿ Ʋ. ϸ ٸ ϳ ڿ · ֵȴ. ̷ Ͽ () 忡 AI ̿ 簡 ִٰ Ѵ. (ּ : å p. 38.) ΰɿ ڿ κ ̻ ̶ װ Ͽ.Ͽ ǻ α شŰ γ ǻ ϵ Ų AI / ̏ ϸ鼭 ܺ ൿ ǺϷ ൿǸ źϰ ɸ ϸ ̸ ΰ ⼺ Ͽ.
⼺ ̶ , ⼺ Ư ̳, װ ΰ ü Ű öа ̷ ִ. 츮 ̹ ڵ öκ ΰ 巹Ƕ ص ִ.
ٸ , Ʈ (W . J . Rapaport) ڴ ΰ ִٰ Ҵ. ̶ ص װ Ư ̴. ɸ ˰ (algorism) ̸ ˰ ۵Ű⸸ ϸ ⼺ ̴. ̿ Ʈ ġ ΰ⼺ ǻ α ġ ⼺ ϴ ʼ ΰ ɷµ ο ִٰ . (ּ : Rapaport (1988) .)
ó ǰ ̰ ƴ, 츮 ϴ 1 ⺻ Ѵٰ . 2 ȣ̷ (semiotics) ǰϿ Ǵ . ǹ̷ ϱ ƴ ʿ̶ 츮 ָؾ ̴. " ǹ̷ ʿ̴" 2 ߰ (2 - 1) , ʿ䰡 ִ. ߰ κ ' ǻ α üμ ü ϱ ʿϱ ϴ' (1 - 1) ̴.
3 ' Ȥ ' ̶ ǥ ̶ . , װ 1) ̸ , 2) ̳ ƴ , 3) ̳ ƴ зȴ. ü 1) 츦 Īϴ 2) 3) ǰ ȥ Ű ȴ. 2) ǹ̷ ִ. ٸ ǻʹ ̶ ƴ϶ ǹ̷ Ϻ ǹ̷ ϴٰ ؾ ظ ̴. Ӹ ƴ϶ 3) ǻ α (descriptive syntax) ó ִ ǹǷ, ̸ Ѵٸ ڽ ϰ Ȯϱ ó ̴. ǻͰ ִٴ ſ ǹ̷ ٴ Ÿ ϱ ̱ ̴.
3 ǿ (true by definition) ̰, ٸ 4 Ǵ (minds) ǿ Ƶ ִ ɼ ̴. ΰ ϴ ϴ Ŀ پ Ƿ, Ǹ Ű Ư ν ǿ ȮϷ źϱ ̱ ̴. 4 װ Һ õ Ƶ . ٽ ϸ ൿڵó ɸ ȣ̷ ü Խ а ǹ̷лӸ ƴ϶ (, pragmatics) Խų ִ. , 1 2 3 4 Ѵٸ 翬 ȴٰ ϰ տ ó Ѵٸ иϴ.
ݱ Ÿ ߽ ΰɺǿ ٽ ƹ ߱ ִٰ ϰڴ. ݷ Ǿ , 1988 Ʈ ѱ ϴ. (ּ : å pp. 114 ~ 115.) Ʈ ̹ 1986 ߱ ϸ鼭 ؿ ǹ̷ ̰ ƴ϶ ̿ Ұ ִ. (ּ : Rapaport (1986) .) ƶ ǻ ΰ ߴٰ ִ. ü鰣 , ٽ ϸ ϳ ü ṵ̈ ٸ ϳ ü ǻ ϵ ̰ , ̵鿡 ϳ (ҷ) (ҷ) Ұϴٴ Ͽ.
ϳ ý װ ڿ Ѵٴ ε ϴٴ 忡 Ʈ ǻͰ ڿ α ٷٴ ڿ ̶ Ͽ. ̸ ״ ߱ Ͽ ̸ 'ѱ ' (Korean room argument) ̶ ȣĪ Ͽ.
ѱ ̴. "״ . Ѵ. ״ ͽǾ ִ. ״ ͽǾ ǰ Ǹ ѱ о Ͽ οǾ 鿡 ѱ ǥϿ. ٽ Ǿ м鿡 ǥǾ װ͵ ̾ ״ ͽǾ ̴." (ּ : Rapaport (1988), p. 114.)
ͽǾ ѱ ǿ ġ ƴ϶ ͽǾ ̴. ̷ صǴ ٿ ط ֵǾ Ѵٴ ̴. ٽ ϸ ᱹ ǻͰ ڿó Ͽ ѱ ǻʹ ͽǾ Ͽٰ ƾ Ѵ. ٸ ѱ ͽǾ Ͽ ߱ ߱ ƴϳĴ ϴ. ѱ 濡 Ʈ Ư , ѱ ڿ ó ٴ ̴. ѱ Ʃ ˻ ó (Fetzer) ߵ, (ּ : Fetzer (1990), p. 9.) Ʃ ˻ 踦 ϴ 츮 ų (belief states) , ѱ 迡 Ͼ մ ǿ ϴ ̴.
߱ ̸ ' ΰ' (strong AI) ̶ ϴ ̾ װ ״ ' ΰ' (weak AI) ش ʴ´. ڽŵ, ٷ ǻ α̶ ΰ ݹϱ , ϴ ΰ ȣؼ ݹϱ , 並 ؼ ΰ (stronger and weaker versions) ϰ Ҵ. (ּ : Searle (1990), p. 24.)
Ư 54 ü 2 - 1 ó, ǻ α ɸ¸ ʿϴٴ ΰ ̶ ϸ ش п θ ȴٰ ؼ ̸ '' (cognitivism) θ. װ ̶ ϴ ƴ϶ ΰ ϱ αμ ִ ȴ (implausible) ϴ ģ. ̸Ͽ ΰ · κ Ͱ ȭȴ.
ٰŸ 6 ϰ ̸ ϴ Ѵ. ù° 츮 γ ۿϴ ǻ ּ ̷̶ ̴ٰ. 信 ϸ, γ ۿ , γ ۿ б⳪ ȭȯ ÷ Ϸ Ȥ Դ. , γ ߴ ǻ ʿ ̹Ƿ, ȴٴ Ͽ. Ѱ踦 ΰ̱ ٸ ˾Ƴ , ÷ܰб Ϸ µ '' (plausible) ߰ ٰŸ ٰ ̴.
° ΰ Ͽ (intelligent) ̶ ൿ ϴ 츮 ִٴ . Ʃ Ʈ ٷ Ͽٰ ϰ ǥ ȿ Ǿ. 츮 ̹ ٿ (2 ) õ (3 ) ǥҰϹǷ ΰ Ѱ踦 Ѿ ̾ ö ü ̳ 뿡 ͵Ǵ ɷ̳ µ ǥҰ ̾. ΰ ̷ ǥҰ ۿϴ ̶ Ѵٸ ǹ 踦 ٴ Ͽ ̴. Ĵ ǿ , Ѵٸ ߿ Ϻθ ϴ 踦 ִٰ ϰڴ.
䷹ (F. Ferré) ϸ ΰ Ư ƴ϶ ħ, , , ִٰ ϰ Ͽ Ҵ. 켱 뼺 ִ ִ ɷ° ǰ (1), ӵ (2), ĺ (3), ߸ ټ (4), · ɷ (5), ǥ ȿ (6) Ǻ ֵ ȭǸ ǥ ü (7) ϴ ۿѴ. (ּ : Ferré (1988), p. 30~33.) 츮 ̷ δٸ ǻʹ (2), (4), (6) Źϰ ִٰ ϰڰ (7) ְ ̸ ɵ鵵 ǥ ȿ ̴.
° ŷ, "ΰ ǻʹ Ģ鿡 ۵ϴ ó ý̱ , 츮 ɹ ˰ ִ ͵ ִ" Ű ִ. Ŵ ΰ ǿ 츮 ü ϴ ̹Ƿ 캸ƾ ϰڴ. Ÿ ٽ Ǯ . "ΰ Ѵ. Ѵٴ ó ϴ ̿ ó Ģ鿡 ȣó ϴ ̴. ǻ͵ Ģ ȣó ϴ ó Ѵ. Ƿ, ΰ ϴ ּ Ģ ȣó ϴ ̴."
Ÿ ϸ鼭 ΰ ǻ Ģؼ ʰ ó ǹ̵ ٸٴ ִ. ΰ Ģ ٴ Ģ ǹ̳ ൿ Ű , ǻ ʰ 鿡 ǰϿ ۵ ̴. ⼭ 'Ģ ' ΰ 쿡 ״ Ǿ ǻ ̴. ڱ ǹ̿ ȥ ʴ Ŵ ȥ ̶ Ѵ. ƶ ó ǹ̵ Ѵ. , ΰ ɸ ó ǻ ó ('as if' forms of information processing) Ǻϰ ǰ ̸ ȥ ϰ ִ.
츮 Ģؼ ó ṉ̀ ȥ Ͽ Ѵٴ ǵ Ѵ. ̷ ǿ ִ. 켱 3 Ű AI ̶ ̴. , "ΰ ɸ ϰ ״ ɸ ´ ̸ ɸ ̴" ̴. ̸ ϱ ؼ Ģؼ ó 巯 ̴. ǻ ϴ AI ο شǴ ƴ 츮 ؾ ̴. ֳϸ װ ǻ Ѵٴ ϱ ̴.
ٵ ΰ ǿ ߿ ϴ ڵ AI ַ '' Ͽ Ѵٴ ̴. ٽ ϸ, AI ɸ̳ ɸö θ ȿ ϰ ִ. 츮 AI ϴ Ǵ ƴϰ ذ μ AI ΰ ȴ. ̷ ɿ ΰɿ ϰ Ǹ ġ ȴ. 츮 տ ΰ ڵ AI ɸ ġ Ѱ踦 巯 ΰɿ ģ Ͽ ̴. AI ɸöп Ǹ ִ ħ , ö öа ö о߿ ̷ ٺ ̴ .
õǴ ŵ ̹ ǵ ִ ͵̱ ϰ Ұ ϱ Ѵ. ° "ǹ ΰ ൿ ̷ 깰̾ Ѵ" ڵ Ͼϸ ϴ μ ۿѴٰ . ö̳ Ͽ ̷п ϸ, . н ɷ̳ ɷ ΰ 汸 Ѵٴ ̴. н ⺻ɷ Ŀ ̷ ʿ䰡 ܼ γ Ѵٰ ϴ Ѵ. Ƹ ̷ ̻ ذ ʴ.
ټ° ̻ ſ μ, γ 鿡 ۵Ѵٴ Ȯ Ÿ 츮 ִٴ ̴. ŷμ κ Ÿ , ̹ տ ó, Ģ ۵ ̸ ǹ̷ Ƿ Ģ ƴ϶ ̴. ŷ ٰ ̴.
ǻ ɽ ս ذ̸, ߰ ɽ ذ 浵 ٴ Ͽ. Ŵ ᱹ ɽ̿ źǷ Ű ڿ Ϻη Ѵ. ﵵ ̹Ƿ ο ǵ ӵ ̴.